The Earth, the Sun, and the Stars

Our Solar System consists of the sun, planets, dwarf planets (plutoids), moons, an asteroid belt, comets, meteors and other objects. The Sun is the centre of our solar system and everything orbits around it.

The Earth is the third planet of our solar system- meaning it is the third from the Sun. Earth is the fifth largest of the eights planets in the Solar System, but the densest. It is the only astronomical body where life is known to exist.

The Earth's terrain varies from place to place. Roughly 71% is covered by water. The remaining 30% consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus and other geomorphologies.

The Earth provides lots of natural resources, which unfortunately humans have been exploiting for centuries. Some of these are non-renewable resources which are difficult to replace in a short amount of time. Humans have access to useful biological products that are produced by the Earth's biosphere. These products include, food, wood, oxygen and the recycling of many organic wastes. The ecosystem that exists on land is dependent on topsoil and water. And the ecosystem that exists below water depends on the Earth's dissolved nutrients.

The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar System. It is approximately 149.6 million kilometres away from the Earth. It takes about 8 minutes and 19 seconds for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. Almost all life on Earth is supported by the energy of this sunlight. This is achieved via photosynthesis, which is the chemical process of converting carbon dioxide into organic compounds using energy from sunlight. The sun also controls the Earth's climate and weather patterns.

A star is a luminous ball of plasma held together by gravity. The Sun is a star and it is the star nearest to Earth. By observing the spectrum, luminosity and motion through space of a star, astronomers can determine its age, mass and chemical composition.

For creation and sustainability to take place all parts of our ecosystem must work together. Trees play their part by producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They also help to moderate temperatures on Earth. Trees serve many additional purposes such as building material from their wood, fruits from their vines, and their aesthetics for landscaping purposes.

To date humans have exploited quite a lot of the planet's natural resources. It is of course normal that we would need and use some of them, but it is our responsibility to be as prudent as we can. We need to keep our world prosperous and beautiful.

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Applying The Right Chemistry To The Science Of Mind

"A science of mind is a goal which has engrossed thousands of generations of Man. Armies, dynasties and whole civilizations have perished for the lack of it. Rome went to dust for the want of it. China swims in blood for the need of it. And down in the arsenal is an atom bomb, its hopeful nose full-armed in ignorance of it."

-L. Ron Hubbard

The science of mind basically relates to the understanding on how your mind works, how it influences you and your behavior. This also affects how it influences you to behave and react to various situations in your daily life. Once you understand the concept, you need to work with the science to bring self improvement and personal development for yourself. You need to understand your brain chemistry, what it needs, how to relax it and how to respond to it and most of all, how to control it.

One of the most important needs of the mind is meditation. Meditation gives your mind a chance to relax and to clear itself from stress and clutter. Meditation helps you to find the center of your subconscious and allows you to learn to control your thoughts and how to keep yourself calm. This is the most important aspect of science of mind. That is, to learn to control the power of it and give it time for its own. It is an organ that has infinite power and it needs to be relaxed in order to perform. So meditation is one of the basic needs of your mind.

Keeping your mind stimulated is another science of mind that can help us excel in our lives. By stimulating our mind on a regular basis, using mind illusions in particular, we learn to question, doubt and we also learn that things should not be taken at face value. This gives our mind the ability to question and to think differently while enhancing its perceptiveness.

Mind control is another science that we need to learn about the mind. Since it is an organ of immense power, we need to harness its power. We can make use of our mind to control others and ourselves. We can utilize this mind power and control it in a way so that it helps us achieve our goals. We can control our mind and learn to think on our feet and react quickly. The science of our mind permits us to do this and much more.

Our mind is an amazing creation of God. Its power is infinite. Even though we use a fraction of our brain power, we are able to accomplish more than we can imagine in our daily lives. Using more of our brain would make us creatures of perfection and intelligence. The science of mind needs to be understood so that we can bring improvements in our lives and excel better at what we do and lead successful lives by achieving our goals. The mind has a science of its own which is waiting to be discovered and used.

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Salvaged Water: The Science of Wastewater Treatment

There are two different types of wastewater that are produced in the average household. These are greywater and blackwater. Greywater is made up of the water used to wash things in a home such as water from washing dishes, bathing and laundry. This water can be treated to be reused. Blackwater is the water that cannot be reused because it is too contaminated and is mostly wastewater from the toilet.

Environmental Impacts

Wastewater has been treated and reused for quite a long time in order to preserve the Earth's natural resources. The average home wastes a lot of water that can be reused. All it needs is to be purified through treatment and it will be completely safe to use again. Blackwater has to be separated from greywater because it can carry organisms that cause disease and is not considered safe to ever reuse. If blackwater is reintroduced to the environment, it can cause pollution and therefore must be removed entirely.

Greywater Treatment

If greywater is not treated very quickly, it may obtain anaerobic bacteria which is very dangerous and will cause the water to become useless. There are several different treatment systems that will purify greywater so that it can be used for various things such as washing clothes, watering plants, bathing and so on. Some treatment options are really only suitable for certain types of greywater, as well. For instance, a pre-treatment system that converts the anaerobic bacteria into aerobic bacteria is best for water that comes from washing dishes. Some of the other treatment options are soilboxes and gravity chambers. Water from washing laundry should be treated carefully if the detergents that were used contained bleach or if they were harsh detergents as they can be quite dangerous to plants. It is best to only use biodegradable and natural laundry soaps if this greywater is to be safely used for watering plants.

How Recycled Water Is Used

There are only specific areas in the United States that allow people to use recycled greywater. These areas have adopted the IPC or International Plumbing Code. The UPC, which stands for United Plumbing Code, does not permit the reuse of this type of water and some areas in the US follow this code. Greywater that comes from bathing or showering is used for toilet water in most of Australia and Europe. It is also used to irrigate crops and gardens when it is dispersed underground instead of sprayed directly onto the soil which is not considered safe in most cases. Treating greywater and reusing it can reduce the amount of water consumption by as much as 30% which is a large amount of waste that can be avoided.

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Material Science Behind 3D Printing

3D printing is a very fascinating technology in my opinion. This technology allows for the manufacturing of almost anything from a wide variety of materials. It is different from other forms of manufacturing, as it can use designs that are geometrically independent. The layer by layer process allows for the production of almost any shape! I plan on highlighting some of the materials offered through this process, but first I'm going to cover what 3D printing is.

3D printing is the layer by layer assembly of products through the melting or fusion of materials through various methods. These methods include curing liquid resins into*solids, laser melting, fused deposition modeling, and ink jet methods. For the process to work, a 3D design will have to be created on the computer by an artist or 3D engineer. This design will then be sent to a 3D printer, or the machine that will actually manufacture the product. Whichever 3D printer being used will take the 3D design, and the computer within the printer will acknowledge the dimensions, shapes, and thicknesses of each model. The manufacturing process will then take place when the "print button" is pressed. Once started, the process is entirely automated. The machine will begin creating a physical model based off of the design, one layer at a time. These layers are typically very small; most machines offer layers that range from 20-30 microns. The diameter of a human hair is around 20 microns. A 6 inch tall 3D print would likely consist of over 800 miniature layers! This layer by layer process can create very intricate and organic shapes that other manufacturing methods cannot; it is also relatively affordable. The variety of materials to print in is pretty significant as well. Let me elaborate.

When looking into 3D printing, the variety of material choices is very large. In fact, over 60 materials exist. These materials can cover a wide array of purposes, and each is different. Common materials include polycarbonates and ABS plastics. ABS is probably one of the most popular, and there are around 10 different colors to choose from. Precious metals even have a say in 3D printing; materials such as gold, sterling silver, fine silver, and platinum exist through 3D printing. Industrial plastics like PA 2200 exist to withstand various chemicals and high temperatures. There is also a large market for 3D printing metals out there; these metals include: aluminum, cobalt chrome, titanium, Inconel, two forms of stainless steel, bio chrome, bronze, maraging steel, and nickel alloy. Materials exist for very specific purposes, let me elaborate. Some materials within the Objet tango family are very flexible, and are used to prototype various products such as the rubber within cell phones. Vero materials can be used for "snap on" parts. There are a variety of wax materials that hold exceptional detail for wax casting. Other resins and materials are used to hold great detail for character models and similar applications. Some materials are fully translucent. Materials such as zp150 hold a full array of colors for character models.

Regardless of your prototyping needs, there is a material that exists for it! If you're looking to have a part made for the internals of a jet engine, 3D printing can save the day. If you need a precise character model, 3D printing will save the day. Whether you're making jewelry, or you're making a product, 3D printing will have a material that can get the job done when it finally comes down to prototyping!